Certified Nonprofit Professional Practice Exam

Which of the following does NOT describe a Theory of Change model?

1. A program that can only be designed by a specialist in evaluation, such as a university professor.

2. A visual representation of the pathways to achieving desired outcomes.

3. A comprehensive approach to assessing long-term impacts.

4. A strategy for planning and evaluating programs.

The correct answer is: A program that can only be designed by a specialist in evaluation, such as a university professor.

A Theory of Change model is fundamentally about clarity and inclusivity in planning and evaluation. It outlines how specific activities lead to the desired change and includes visual mapping of the pathways and the relationships between inputs, outputs, outcomes, and impact. The correct answer highlights that a Theory of Change is not exclusively the domain of specialists in evaluation, such as university professors. In fact, various stakeholders, including practitioners and community members, can and should be involved in the development of a Theory of Change. This participatory approach ensures that the model reflects the perspectives and realities of those directly impacted by the programs, which enhances its relevance and effectiveness. The other options describe characteristics of a Theory of Change model well. It is indeed a visual representation (often using flowcharts or diagrams) that clarifies how different short-term actions will lead to long-term goals (the pathways to achieving desired outcomes). It also serves as a comprehensive framework for assessing long-term impacts, helping organizations to engage in thoughtful planning and evaluation of their programs.